Elbow Dislocation

Understanding the Elbow Joint

The elbow is made up of three bones:

• Humerus — the upper arm bone
• Ulna — the larger of the two forearm bones
• Radius — the smaller bone on the thumb side of the forearm

Strong ligaments hold these bones together and allow the joint to bend and rotate. When the elbow is dislocated, those ligaments are stretched or torn, and sometimes bone or cartilage can be injured as well.

Types of Elbow Dislocations

Not all dislocations are the same. Physicians generally classify them as:

• Simple dislocation: The bones are out of place, but no major fractures are present.
• Complex dislocation: The dislocation occurs with one or more bone fractures around the joint.
• Partial dislocation (subluxation): The joint surfaces have shifted but are not fully separated.

Common Causes of an Elbow Dislocation

Elbow dislocations are most often caused by:

• Falling on an outstretched arm
• A collision or tackle during sports such as football, wrestling, or gymnastics
• A direct blow to the elbow in a car accident or a hard fall

Athletes and active adults are especially at risk, but dislocations can occur in anyone after a fall or trauma.

Symptoms of an Elbow Dislocation

An elbow dislocation is typically very painful and obvious, but symptoms can vary depending on the severity. Common signs include:

• Visible deformity or abnormal shape of the elbow
• Severe pain and swelling
• Inability to bend or straighten the arm
• Numbness or tingling in the hand or fingers (possible nerve involvement)
• Weak or absent pulse in the wrist (possible vascular injury)

If you suspect an elbow dislocation, seek medical attention immediately.

Diagnosing Elbow Dislocations

At Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, diagnosis begins with a physical exam to assess joint stability, nerve function, and blood flow.

We typically use imaging such as:

• X-rays to confirm the dislocation and check for fractures
• MRI or CT scans if ligament, tendon, or cartilage injuries are suspected

These tests help determine whether the dislocation is simple or complex, which guides the treatment plan.

Treatment for Elbow Dislocations

Non-surgical treatment

Most elbow dislocations can be successfully treated without surgery. Treatment often includes:

• Reduction: The bones are carefully repositioned (reduced) back into alignment, often with mild sedation or anesthesia.
• Immobilization: A splint or brace keeps the elbow stable for a short period (typically 1–3 weeks).
• Physical therapy: Early motion is key to preventing stiffness. Therapy focuses on restoring range of motion, strength, and function.
• Surgical treatment

Surgery may be required if:

• The dislocation includes a fracture
• The joint remains unstable after reduction
• Ligaments or tendons are completely torn
• Blood vessels or nerves are injured

Surgical repair may involve fixation of fractured bones, ligament reconstruction, or stabilization with temporary hardware.

Recovery and Rehabilitation

Recovery timelines vary depending on the severity of the injury, but general expectations include:

• 1–3 weeks: Initial immobilization and pain management
• 3–6 weeks: Gradual restoration of motion and light strengthening
• 6–12 weeks: Return to normal daily activities
• 3–4 months: Return to sports or heavy lifting (depending on the case)

Physical therapy plays a crucial role. Early, guided motion helps minimize stiffness and promotes healing of the surrounding soft tissues.

When to See a Specialist

If you’ve dislocated your elbow — or if you’re experiencing pain, swelling, or instability after a fall or sports injury — schedule an appointment with an elbow specialist at Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush.

Our team includes leading experts in sports medicine, shoulder and elbow surgery, and rehabilitation. We use the latest diagnostic imaging and treatment techniques to ensure optimal recovery and long-term joint health.